April 2009

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Apr. 30, 2009 — In December, 1925, Ernst F. Detterer published a brief article in the Chicago Schools Journal, in which he attacked modern cursive penmanship in general, and the Palmer Method in particular.

A. N. Palmer, at that time one of the most famous penmanship experts in America, replied graciously to Detterer, with a personal letter.

Ernst F. Detterer was a typographer, an amateur calligrapher, an instructor at the Art Institute of Chicago, and later a curator at the Newberry Library. In 1913 he studied briefly with Edward Johnston (a British calligrapher who tried to revive medieval lettering arts in the 20th century).

It seems unlikely that Detterer and Palmer would have had any connection at all, but here it is.

To the best of my knowledge, this letter by Palmer has never been published before. I found it listed in the Newberry Library catalog. It is a digital scan of a photocopy, of a “verifax reproduction (positive)” of the original typewritten letter. That’s quite a few layers of reproduction, so for easier reading you might want to read the transcription instead of the original.

Detterer’s article contains several blunders, and many factual errors. Palmer responded with humility, tact, and patience, but some of Palmer’s basic views on the history of penmanship were as erroneous as Detterer’s. (More on this later.)

Apr. 11, 2009 — “These widespread abuses of printed type threaten to erode the very foundations upon which centuries of typographic history are built.” Some people have very strong opinions about specific font styles!

Read the rest of this entry »

Apr. 8, 2009 — If you looked closely at the sample of Mercator’s Italic lettering you probably wondered why the m was missing from latinaru[m] and scribendaru[m], and why the n had disappeared from voca[n]t. I was quite puzzled by this myself, but one of my Latinist friends figured it out right away: these words were abbreviated.

However, this didn’t explain why the abbreviation marks — called tituli (sing. titulus) in Latin — also seemed to be missing! Here’s the explanation. (This was another peculiarity of Mercator’s wild flourising.)

The Latin titulus evolved into the modern tilde, used in Spanish and Portuguese, as explained below:

“A tilde is a diacritical mark (˜) placed over the letter n in Spanish to indicate the palatal nasal sound somewhat like /ny/, as in cañon, ‘canyon’ or over a vowel in Portuguese to indicate nasalization, as in , ‘wool’ or pão, ‘bread.’

“The tilde originated as a mark of abbreviation used by medieval European scribes, most often writing in Latin. When scribes wanted to save space or had come to the end of a line without finishing a word, they omitted the final letter of the word and drew a line above the letter after which the letter was omitted. In Latin, this sign of abbreviation was called a titulus, meaning ‘superscription, something written above or outside something else.’ The device was especially used to abbreviate Latin words ending in the consonants n or m. A Latin word like aurum, ‘gold,’ could be abbreviated as aurū, for example, and many scribes also used a curved version of the titulus, as in aurũ. The titulus could also be used within words.”

[From: Spanish Word Histories and Mysteries: English Words That Come from Spanish; page 206. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2007.]